Ethnoarchaeology of Thongjao Pottery: A Living Indigenous Craft and Heritage in Manipur

Abstract

This research paper delves into the ethnoarchaeological significance of pottery (Chaphu) in Thongjao, Manipur, an ancient hand-building tradition deeply woven into the social, cultural, economic, and religious fabric of the Meitei community. It highlights how this craft, predominantly practiced by women without a potter's wheel, serves as a living repository of indigenous knowledge, indigenous craftsmanship, and intangible cultural heritage, transmitting centuries-old techniques, material understanding, and symbolic meanings across generations. The research employs a qualitative and exploratory design combining ethnographic observation, interviews, and literature review to document traditional production methods, symbolic meanings, and the material culture of Chaphu. Findings reveal that this hand-building tradition is linked to rituals, livelihood, and gender empowerment. By bridging past and present through ethnoarchaeology, this research underscores the need to preserve traditional knowledge systems that are ecologically sustainable and culturally significant. The paper critically examines the challenges threatening its continuity, including industrial competition, environmental degradation, and declining youth interest. Finally, it proposes comprehensive strategies for revitalization, emphasizing educational integration aligned with India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, market diversification, cultural tourism, and digital preservation efforts to safeguard this invaluable intangible cultural heritage.